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OBJECTIVES To compare the diagnostic accuracy of a low-cost screening test for identifying children at risk for language disorders with that of a specific language assessment. METHODS The study was conducted during a polio vaccination campaign in basic health units in western São Paulo, Brazil. The parents/guardians of 1000 children aged between 0 and 5 years were asked to answer questions of a specific screening test. The instrument consisted of a uniform set of questions about the main milestones in language development (from 0 to 5 years of age) with scaled scores to assess responses. There were no exclusion criteria. After the screening test, the children were referred to a specific language assessment by ABFW, following a determined flow of referrals. The results obtained in the screening were compared to those obtained in the specific language assessment; then, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values were determined for the screening test. Children who failed the screening test also underwent an audiological evaluation. The statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS The majority of the participants were aged between 4 and 5 years (21.82%) and were male (51.6%). The sensitivity and specificity values were 82.5% and 98.93%, respectively. The area under the curve was 0.907 (0.887-0.925), and the screening test showed 96% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The screening test showed high diagnostic efficiency in determining the risk of language disorders in children aged between 0 and 5 years.The rapid increase in clinical cases of the new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, suggests high transmissibility. However, the estimates of the basic reproductive number reported in the literature vary widely. Considering this, we drew the function of contact-rate reduction required to control the transmission from both detectable and undetectable sources. Based on this, we offer a set of recommendations for symptomatic and asymptomatic populations during the current pandemic. Understanding the dynamics of transmission is essential to support government decisions and improve the community's adherence to preventive measures.OBJECTIVE In recent decades there has been an increase in the use of antidepressants (AD) and a decrease in the use of benzodiazepines (BDZ). Prevalence, cumulative incidence, and factors associated with the incidence of AD and BDZ use in a Brazilian population were estimated in this article. METHODS Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire in a cohort of employees from a university in Rio de Janeiro. The prevalence of the use of AD and BDZ was calculated for 1999 (4,030), 2001 (3,574), 2006-07 (3,058), and 2012 (2,933). The cumulative incidences of the use of AD and BDZ between 1999 and 2007 were estimated by the Poisson models with robust variance estimates. RESULTS In 1999, the prevalence of the use of AD and BDZ were 1.4% (95%CI 1.1-1.8) and 4.7% (95%CI 4.1-5.4), respectively; in 2012, they were 5.4% (95%CI 5.5-6.2) and 6.8% (95%CI 6.0-7.8). The incidence of use, between 1999 and 2007, was 4.9% (95%CI 4.2-5.7) for AD and 8.3% (95%CI 7.3-9.3) for BDZ. The incidences of AD and BDZ use were higher among women and participants with a positive General Health Questionnaire. CONCLUSION In this population, the increase in the use of AD was not accompanied by a decrease in the use of BDZ, showing the prescriptions for psychotropic medication do not follow the currently recommended guidelines for treatment of common mental health disorders.BACKGROUND There is individual variation in physiological ageing. Former very low birthweight (VLBW; birthweight less then  1500 g) young adults may have less satisfactory measurements on some physiological parameters than term controls. We hypothesized that a summation score of physiological biomarkers that change with age would show VLBW adults to have a more advanced physiologic age than controls. METHODS VLBW adults (229; 71% survivors of a national VLBW cohort) and term-born controls (100) were clinically assessed at 26-30 years. Ten measured physiological biomarkers were selected and measurements converted to z-scores using normative reference data. Between-group comparisons were tested for statistical significance for individual biomarker z-scores and a summation score. RESULTS Nine of 10 biomarkers showed a mean z-score suggestive of older physiological age in the VLBW group versus controls. The observed mean difference in the summation score was highly significant (p  less then  0.001), representingare that preventative measures and lifestyle choices that impact on physiological ageing might have even greater importance for very preterm and very low birthweight graduates.BACKGROUND We aimed to assess remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPC) as a neuroprotective strategy after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in a piglet model. METHODS Fifty-four newborn piglets were subjected to global HI for 45 min. One hour after HI, piglets were randomized to four cycles of 5 min of RIPC or supportive treatment only. The primary outcome was brain lactate/N-acetylaspartate (Lac/NAA) ratios measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 72 h. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MG132.html Secondary outcomes included diffusion-weighted imaging and neuropathology. RESULTS RIPC was associated with a reduction in overall and basal ganglia Lac/NAA ratios at 72 h after HI, but no effect on diffusion-weighted imaging, neuropathology scores, neurological recovery, or mortality. CONCLUSIONS The selective effect of RIPC on Lac/NAA ratios may suggest that the metabolic effect is greater than the structural and functional improvement at 72 h after HI. Further studies are needed to address whether there is an add-on effect of RIPC to hypothermia, together with the optimal timing, number of cycles, and duration of RIPC. IMPACT RIPC after HI was associated with a reduction in overall and basal ganglia Lac/NAA ratios at 72 h, but had no effect on diffusion-weighted imaging, neuropathology scores, neurological recovery, or mortality.RIPC may have a selective metabolic effect, ameliorating lactate accumulation without improving other short-term outcomes assessed at 72 h after HI.We applied four cycles of 5 min RIPC, complementing existing data on other durations of RIPC.This study adds to the limited data on RIPC after perinatal HI and highlights that knowledge gaps, including timing and duration of RIPC, must be addressed together with exploring the combined effects with hypothermia.